'Secondary Data\r'

'Q) What argon Secondary learning? Secondary Data Secondary info is in bringation assemblageed for purposes a nonher(prenominal) than the closing of a investigate project. Data previously collected by someone else, by chance for some other purpose that erect be employ later for making finalitys if found suit equal to(p) for the purpose, other than the current one. Secondary training hobo be acquired from the inhering records of the brass section, their departments, subsidiaries or sister makeups and in addition from external inceptions, much(prenominal) as ho exercise of commerce, g e really personatenment, professional and commercial consultants subject to the availability of selective development . e. g. , data in books, journals, newspapers, magazines, and so on • e. g. , data in reports, surveys, etc A class of alternative information citations is avail adapted to the tec gathering data on an pains, potential drop growth applications and th e market place. Secondary data is also utilise to gain sign insight into the explore problem. Secondary data is classified in terms of its source †either informal or external. inherent, or in-house data, is unessential information acquired at heart the organization where re look for is being carried reveal.\r\nExternal secondhand data is obtained from come outside sources. The secondary information depart propose a multipurpose background and will identify see questions and issues that will need to be communicate by the primary research. BENEFITS • Low damage • Less effort • Less prison term • At cadences, more accu locate • At times, only way to obtain data LIMITATION • Collected for some other purpose • No control over data compendium • whitethorn not be accurate • May not be in correct form • May be outdated • May not meet data requirements • Assumptions strike to be made\r\nQ) What are the major(ip) problems encountered with Secondary Data? It is necessary that the secondary data are taken from a source which obtained from the original source, and then a secondary source is being used. It is crucial to avoid the use of secondary sources by employ only the original sources for a Secondary Data. The other problems whitethorn hold: • Secondary information pertinent to the research topic is either not available, or is only available in meagre quantities. • Some secondary data whitethorn be of questionable accuracy and reliability.\r\n veritable(a) government publications and trade magazines statistics give notice be mis driveing. For example, many an(prenominal) trade magazines survey their members to derive estimates of market size, market growth rate and purchasing patterns, then modal(a) out these results. Often these statistics are merely average opinions carnal on less than 10% of their members. • Data may be in a different format or wholes than is required by the researcher. • The methodology used by the party for collecting the secondary data is not explained and the accuracy aim may not be verified. lots secondary data is several historic period old and may not take a hop the current market conditions. Trade journals and other publications often accept articles six months in front appear in print. The research may have been done months or flat years earlier. Q) What are the major sources of national Data? Internal Data Internal secondary data is usually an threepenny information source for the company conducting research, and is the place to start for existing operations. Internally generated gross gross and pricing data potbelly be used as a research source.\r\nThe use of this data is to define the matched position of the firm, an evaluation of a merchandising strategy the firm has used in the past, or gaining a better intellectual of the company’s best nodes. The of import sou rces of internal data may embroil: 1. sales and trade reports. These outhouse let in such things as: • Type of product/ gain acquired • Type of end-user/industry part • Method of payment • crossroad or product line • Sales district • Salesperson • Date of purchase • tot of purchase • Price • Application by product • Location of end-user 2. Accounting and monetary records.\r\nThese are often an overlooked source of internal secondary information and can be invaluable in the identification, light and prediction of certain problems. Accounting records can be used to evaluate the supremacy of various merchandising strategies such as revenues from a direct trade campaign. in that respect are several problems in using reputationing and financial data. One is the seasonableness factor †it is often several months before accounting statements are available. Another is the construction of the records th emselves. Most firms do not adequately setup their accounts to provide the types of answers to research questions that they need.\r\nFor example, the account systems should capture project/product be in order to identify the company’s to the highest degree profitable (and least(prenominal) profitable) activities. Companies should also consider establishing exertion indicators based on financial data. These can be industry standards or unique ones designed to measure key performance factors that will enable the firm to monitor its performance over a period of time and compare it to its competitors. Some example may be sales per employee, sales per strong foot, expenses per employee (salesperson, etc. ). 3. Miscellaneous reports.\r\nThese can allow such things as inventory reports, operate calls, number (qualifications and compensation) of staff, production and R&D reports. Also the company’s argumentation plan and client calls (complaints) log can be usefu l sources of information. COMMON SOURCES OF immanent SECONDARY DATA Information originating within the company 1. Sales invoices a. node design b. Address c. Class of product/ serving sold d. Price by unit e. Salesperson f. Term of sales g. onus point 2. Accounts receivable reports a. Customer appoint b. Product purchased c. wide-cut unit and sawhorse sales d. Customer as pct of sales . Customer as fortune of regional sales f. Profit gross profit g. Credit rating h. Items mattered i. Reason for return 3. Quarterly sales report a. wide-cut dollar and unit sales by: Customer geographic fragment Customer segment Sales territory Product Sales report Product segment b. Total sales against planned documental c. Total sales against budget d. Total sales against prior periods e. Actual sales percentage increase/decrease f. function trends 4. Sales activity reports a. Classification of customer account i. e. Mega, Large, Medium and Small b. visible(prenominal) dollar sales pot ential c.\r\n received sales penetration d. Existing bids/contracts by customer location product Q) What is a computerized Data primary? COMPUTERIZED DATA root word A database is simply a collection of related information. more than specifically a computerized database is a computerized record supporting system. More completely, it is a system involving data, the hardware that physically stores that data, the software that utilizes the hardwares file system in order to 1) store the data and 2) provide a standardized method for retrieving or changing the data, and finally, the users who turn the data into information.\r\nFor many companies, a computerized database containing information about customers and prospects has engender an essential marketing tool. Creating an internal marketing secondary database built upon sales results and customer preferences can be a effective marketing tool. Databases dealing with published information usually found in libraries, such as books, ar ticles and other types of documents, are normally called bibliographic databases. Computerized databases published secondary data, the net profit, and internal databases are important parts of an organization’s information system.\r\nIntelligent finis making is always predicated on having levelheaded information. • When a person uses an automated fibber machine to withdraw money from the intrust account, he/she is using a computerized database. • When a travel agent makes an airline reservation for the customers, he/she is using a computerized database. • When a telephone operator gives the customer a phone number, he/she is using a computerized database. Any significant collections of information stored on computers are virtually always form as databases and are known as computerized data base. Computerized Database\r\non-line vendors †purchase (rent) databases from a number of suppliers and sell to the subscribers (e. g. services provided by Am erica Online, DIALOG). ON-LINE DATABASES Provide http: smooth and direct retrieve to public information with a computer. There are about 7,000 databases on a compartmentalisation of topics that one can use. Q) Describe a narrow down online data base of marketing theatre director? An online database which can be used by a marketing autobus for Substantial Cost Savings, for Increasing the apprehensiveness of the Decision Environment, Upgrading the Decision-Making Effectiveness, Improving the Information Value.\r\nThis may include: • Internet †World-wide telecommunications network that allows computers to access data, files, pictures and sound without the world. • World extensive tissue †Component of the Internet designed to make transmission of text and images very easy. • Uniform Reference Locator (URL) †Internet address that identifies a specific location. †A typical Web address looks comparable the following: http://www. microsoft. com • Search Engines †Internet search directories to aid in locating topics of involution and URLs. †An example is Yahoo at http://www. yahoo. com On-line Databases Consist of:\r\nInternet, Direct from Vendors, Direct from Producer, corroboratory through Networks Organizations Must Create a Database Management System. directors must be skilful on How to Retrieve Information and How to counterfeit the Data Using Database Management Software. A marketing manager can use a specialized data base to fulfill his/her tasks effectively and efficiently through: • Internet • Website • Emails • Online Subscriptions • Online queries • Online Feed back • Newsgroups on the Internet • Internet sites devoted to a specific topic where people can read and post messages. • Databases on CD ROM A number of companies nominate database packages on CD ROM for ain computers that is very useful for manager in decision making and othe r tasks. • Geographic Information Systems • Computer-based system that uses secondary and/or primary data to generate maps that visually display answers to research questions. • Decision nutrition System †through and through Online Data Base an interactive, personalized MIS, designed to be initiated and controlled by individual decision makers. †Managers use decision support systems to conduct sales analyses, cypher sales, evaluate advertising, analyze product lines, and keep tabs n market trends and competitor analysis. Creating Databases from a Web Site -A Marketing Manager’s Dream †Customer’s link to an online store is a bipartizan electronic link †Allows online merchant to gather information about the customer †text file place on a user’s computer in order to identify the user when there is a return visit to the Web site. †Helping Managers in creation of a large computerized file of customers’ and pot ential customers’ profiles and purchase patterns. †It is the fastest-growing use of internal database technology.\r\nA manager has to build company’s online Pages on Search Engines. Working online to find out come in audiences and provide them information through Internet services performing lucre marketing services that are honorable mention above. The services are designed to protagonist the company’s website increase its. Through this Online Database a marketing Manager is able to get, Demographic Dimensions Population growth: substantial and projected Population density immigration and out-migration patterns Population trends by age, race, and ethnical background Employment Characteristics Labor overstretch growth Unemployment levels\r\nPercentage of employment by occupation categories Employment by industry Economic Characteristics Personal income levels (per capita and median) Type of manufacturing/service firms Total housing starts Building pe rmits issued Sales tax rates Competitive Characteristics Levels of retail and wholesale sales Number and types of competing retailers availability of financial institutions International Market Characteristics expatriate and exporting requirements Trade barriers Business philosophies level-headed system Social customs governmental climate Cultural patterns Religious and virtuous backgrounds\r\nCommon Government Documents Used as Secondary Data Sources Statistics of Income Survey of legitimate Business Through a specialized Online Data Base a marketing manager able to get with-it information. A marketing Manager able to, • prise sales territory. • PLC • chance upon most profitable and least profitable customers. • discern most profitable market segments and target efforts with greater efficiency and effectiveness. • Aim marketing efforts to those products, services, and segments that require the most support. • Increase revenue through rep ackaging and re-pricing products for various market segments. Evaluate opportunities for offering new products or services. • Identify products or services that are best-sellers or most profitable. • Evaluate existing marketing programs. • Database Technologies • Database technologies continue to evolve. For example, Fingerhut, a database firm, uses a insolate Microsystems parallel computer, whereas American Express relies on Thinking Machines Corporation’s supercomputers. • rental Internal Databases • Some companies rent their internal databases to obtain extra income, although this can lead to ethical questions. [pic]\r\n'